The Effect of Video Games on Children free essay sample

The effects of videogames on children Today in the world there are many options and ways to entertain children. There are football clubs, movies, television programs, and video games. But there are many activities that are not good for children, who have ill effects on your subconscious and in the way they operate. We know that violence on television has bad effects on children. Psychologists say that there is a correlation between the aggressiveness and violence on television is as strong as the effects of smoking on your lungs. Are the effects of violence in video games as strong as the attack on television? Psychologists say that children who play violent video games are affected by violent thoughts and feelings after playing. Video games were invented in the 70s, and from there, to date, games have become very popular. Children who have between two and eighteen play video games for more than an hour each day. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Video Games on Children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And among boys of eight and thirteen, the average is 7. 5%. These data are increasing continuously. I doubt the inventors have provided the numbers of violent games and their effects for children. In the 90s violent video games like Mortal Kombat and Street Fighter were released to the public. Now violent games like Halo, Quake, Vice City, San Andreas, Def Jam and others are top sellers, Xbox, Xbox 360 PlayStation 1, 2, 3, and staff, the Gameboy Advance and the computer include equipment consoles and games played by children. 49% of girls and 73% of children say their favorite games are violent. For many people, television and video games take away the child caught his inventiveness, he hurt his concentration and therefore their ability to learn. Furthermore it has been believed in doing sedentary activities that have serious consequences for growth, and that when audiovisual equipment damage a childs vision. Surely all these hours in front of the games have an effect on children. Craig Anderson and Douglas Gentile show that games can have a stronger effect on childrens aggression that movies and television because: 1) the games are very committed, 2) games produce violent behavior 3) children repeat these behaviors much during the game. According to psychologists, there is a significant positive correlation. Accordin to Anderson and Brad Bushman, exposure to violent video games for a short time causes a temporary increase in aggression. These games increase aggression increase through the thoughts, feelings, and aggressive actions. It was also shown that video games affect the mechanisms that control the development of an aggressive personality or aggressive behavior. Anderson has shown, that the aggressive effects occur in children who do not have an aggressive personality as much as in those with an aggressive personality. I think that these games are bad for the health and behavior of children, which make this an addiction or a fiction all the time and are thinking about that game and violent images that project there, and disrupt their concentration at all times, we must stop this situation, prohibiting children not involved with these games, so we have good people in our culture and stand as a united country, know how many hours children spend playing these teens and games-thousands of hours-but if we substitute the games of war and violence for a teaching and learning, we train men and women well prepared and ready for life. Besides being close to the TV or monitor to play and to be following the action of the game, agility ocular is streamlined, but this causes a great visual fatigue. In the hands, for example, can develop carpal tunnel tenditis or diseases of muscle type and also hearing, posture, tension muscle and even high blood pressure. Tips: * Be interested in the activities of your child after school. Make an effort to share at least 20 minutes a day with him and that time as enjoyable and educational as possible. Be careful not to waste your life behind a computer or watching television programs unsuitable for their age. * Try to spend your free time in constructive activities that promote the culture, socialization, education and fun or playing sports. * Select the video games that acquires according to the level of your childs development and content of the game, preferring that can provide educational, rather than those that only produce violence and aggression. In conclusion, violent video games have a bad effect on the subconscious of children and this effect is reflected in their aggressive behavior. The number of violent games is growing, leading to an increase in aggressive people in our culture. Something needs to change, because the effects will be very negative society also affects your health also, because it is creating visual problems, hearing of the spine and hands, but if the change for a few good people in education will train health and well prepared for life, and will form a better world in which to live, away from bad habits and tricks

Social Media Strategy

Social Media Strategy The notions and principles of eTourism and e-commerce become closely connected while referring to the use of social media platforms for different marketing projects. The effectively developed social media strategy provides the framework for completing the project’s goals with the help of social media platforms.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Social Media Strategy eTourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The social media strategy report on virtual tourism includes the project’s goal, such strategy’s components as the positioning, slogan, the discussion of the target audience, social media platforms, strategy of media, content, tone of voice, the discussion of used digital marketing theory and models, and metrics for success. Project Goal The main goal of the project is to promote virtual food tourism with the focus on the Chinese culinary traditions for people from all over the world while sup porting Chinese restaurants brands. Strategy Positioning Food lovers from all over the world receive the opportunity to enjoy virtual food tourism in relation to the Chinese culinary traditions. Slogan â€Å"Fall in love with a city because of a city†. Target Audience The target audience of the project is males and females aged 18-35, interested in the aspects of the food tourism, the Chinese culinary traditions, the Chinese culture, visiting Chinese restaurants in China, in Britain, and all over the globe. Social Media Platforms Effective tools to communicate personally with the potential consumer.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Facebook To develop a group related to the project and connecting the lovers of the Chinese food and travelling. To allow posting photographs and information about the local Chinese restaurants, food destinations in China and g lobally. To support a forum to discuss the best Chinese food destinations in the world. YouTube To promote the city video guide related to the Chinese culinary traditions and food destinations in different cities of China. To support the video guide about the history of Chinese culinary traditions. Weibo To promote posting photographs and personal feedbacks on Chinese restaurants in Chinese cities and round the globe. Twitter To promote posting information about new Chinese restaurants in China and round the globe. Content Types Posts, photographs, questions, interviews, news items, multimedia, walking tours. Tone of voice Light-hearted and humorous. Digital Marketing Theory and Models The main project uses the traditional digital marketing theory the main principles of which state the necessity of presenting the products and services virtually, involving the principles of the e-commerce, sharing the information, community building, and the direct contacts with consume rs (Buhalis, Tjoa, Jafari 1998, p. 78). The successful functioning of the project depends on stating the appropriate connections between different social media channels (Vries, Gensler, Leeflang 2012, p. 84).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Social Media Strategy eTourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Facebook groups should be connected with the Twitter accounts and YouTube channels in order to provide the consumer with the opportunity to be re-directed to the materials which are most interesting and appropriate (Saravanakumar SuganthaLakshmi 2012, p. 4445). The basic used models include the manipulation of the shared and posted content, the focus on the posts promoting brands, and the focus on providing the effective customer services in relation to the virtual tourism (Buhalis 2003, p. 58; Buhalis Schertler 1999, p. 84). Such social media platforms as Facebook and YouTube can provide the effective tools to attract the lovers of the Chinese food and people interested in food tourism in order to promote the idea of virtual food tourism among them (Fesenmaier, Klein, Buhalis 2000, p. 89; Fesenmaier, Werthner, Wober 2006, p. 18). The main focus is on the updated posts, commentaries, city video guides, photo posts, and descriptions of the most popular Chinese restaurants. Twitter provides the opportunity to post the immediate information, news, update units, and commentaries. Metrics for Success The metrics for success in relation to the project are associated with the focus on promoting the consumers’ awareness in relation to the project. To analyse the metrics for success in relation to using the discussed social media platforms, it is necessary to refer to the websites’ traffic (Hanna, Rohm, Crittenden 201, p. 265). The other important measures are the number of subscribers and followers, and the general level of the audience’s activity and insights (Anderson 20 10, p. 112; Egger Buhalis 2008, p. 45). Reflection The use of the virtual space for promoting the idea of fool tourism and brand awareness is the comparably new approach in the field of eToursim and marketing.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To develop the effective social media strategy related to promoting the project, it is necessary to select the most appropriate social platforms, to develop the strategies for using the provided tools, and to develop approaches to address the consumers depending on the used social platform and content types. The main challenge is in proposing the content which can satisfy the audience’s needs and work to support the concrete business goals. As a result, it is necessary to find the balance between focusing on the customers’ interests and experience and brand and project promotion. Reference List Anderson, E 2010, Social media marketing: Game theory and the emergence of collaboration, Springer, USA. Buhalis, D, 2003, eTourism: Information Technology for strategic tourism management, Pearson, UK. Buhalis, D Schertler, W 1999, Information and Communication Technologies in tourism, ENTER99, Springer-Verlag, New York. Buhalis, D, Tjoa, A, Jafari, J 1998, Information and Co mmunication Technologies in tourism, ENTER98 Conference Proceedings, Istanbul, Springer-Verlag, New York. Egger, R Buhalis, D 2008, eTourism case studies: Management marketing issues in eTourism, Butterworth Heinemann Oxford, UK. Fesenmaier, D, Klein, S, Buhalis, D 2000, Information Communication Technologies in tourism, ENTER2000, Springer-Verlag, New York. Fesenmaier, D, Werthner, H, Wober, K 2006, Destination recommendation systems: Behavioural foundations and applications, CABI, London. Hanna, R, Rohm, A, Crittenden, V 2011, ‘We’re all connected: The power of the social media ecosystem’, Business Horizons, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 265-273. Saravanakumar, M SuganthaLakshmi, T 2012, ‘Social media marketing’, Life Science Journal, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 4444-4451. Vries, L, Gensler, S, Leeflang, P 2012, ‘Popularity of brand posts on brand fan pages: An investigation of the effects of social media marketing’, Journal of Interactive Market ing, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 83-91.

Contracts forming Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contracts forming - Case Study Example X agrees to sell a particular horse to Y on expiry of 8 days.The horse was delivered on the trail for 8 days.However the particular horse died on the third day without any fault of either seller or buyer.The agreement becomes void . X agrees to sell 10 tonnes of potatoes to Y.X sowed sufficient land to grow morethan 10 potatoes.But any fault of X a disease attacked the crop and only about 8 tonnes of potatoes could be given. The agreement becomes void. In this case, the contracted good ie 5 cans of paint is already perished before it is passed to Mr.Brennen without the fault of either parties.So this case falls under sec 11 of SGA.Hence Mr.Brennen can not seek damages from Arkwreight. Sometimes it may happen that the employer or superior will be responsible for the acts of their subordinates or in broader sense the responsibility of the third party that had the right,abilityor duty to control the activates of the violator.ie, employers are vicariously liable for negligent acts of their employees in the course of the employment.But it is to be remembered that for an act to be considered within the course of the employm... Howell vs Coupland** X agrees to sell 10 tonnes of potatoes to Y.X sowed sufficient land to grow morethan 10 potatoes.But any fault of X a disease attacked the crop and only about 8 tonnes of potatoes could be given. The agreement becomes void.In this case, the contracted good ie 5 cans of paint is already perished before it is passed to Mr.Brennen without the fault of either parties.So this case falls under sec 11 of SGA.Hence Mr.Brennen can not seek damages from Arkwreight. B. whether Freda is entittiled to get damagesBefore proceeding to discuss whether Arkwreight is liable to pay off the damages to Freda, we will explore the concept of 'vicarious liability','negligence', and 'duty of care' under Tort Law. Sometimes it may happen that the employer or superior will be responsible for the acts of their subordinates or in broader sense the responsibility of the third party that had the right,abilityor duty to control the activates of the violator.ie, employers are vicariously liable for negligent acts of their employees in the course of the employment.But it is to be *Eplick vs Barness 15.11,Buisiness Law,Tulsian,P,C ** Howell vs Coupland 15.12,BuisinessLaw,Tulsian P.C -3- remembered that for an act to be considered within the course of the employment ,it must either be authorized or be so connected with an authorized act and that it can be considered a mode,of performing it.*** Whenever we discusss the vicarious liability of an

Is Hazard Transfer an Inevitable Consequence of Globalization Essay

Is Hazard Transfer an Inevitable Consequence of Globalization - Essay Example Thesis: globalization refers to the modern markets, of both developed and developing countries, which are exposed to external changes, innovations in technologies, implementation of various cultural and social changes etc. Globalization is a background of the modern development in the society in different spheres. Globalization and political economy There is no doubt that there are advantages and disadvantages of the global processes, but in the context of the modern world, globalization sets the pace of political, economic and social development. The modern citizens do not have another choice, but only keeping pace with these changing and challenging triggers of modern life development. In the process of globalization, international governments struggle for a control over the international economy, basing on their needs for wealth, which are an integral part of their current struggle for power (Gilpin, 2001). Unlike previous years, modern world accepts geopolitical hegemony (as in c ase of the United States) and not the priority of autonomous market (as in case of the United States too) (Waltz, 2000, p. 47). ...   A process of integration of national economies into a global one is a sequential process of gradual adaptation and changes of national powers into a complete successful process increasing profits of different countries (Schumacher, 1973). A shift of accents from ‘globalization as an interdependence’ to ‘globalization as a gradual balancing of international and domestic politics’ was initiated in the 40s of the twentieth century (Kapstein, Mastanduno, 1999, p. 163). With the course of time, globalization turned from a forcible process of states’ oppression into liberating trades, financial markets, and investments. A distribution of consequences of a process of globalization was the following: from â€Å"pressure for the reduction the welfare state in developed countries and for the liberalization of the economy in developing ones† (Langley, 2000, p. 462). It is more pleasant to consider a process of globalization in political economy in the following way: â€Å"the rush to free trade and capital market liberalization, the reforms of many welfare states, and the creation of independent central banks globally† (Wangoola, Youngman, 2006, p. 22). From this perspective, a process of globalization is considered to be favorable for political economy. A meaningfulness of every state is supported by the relevance of its potential assistance and cooperation with other states. It is a kind of interaction between players in the international arena. In such a way, it is relevant to support and develop a process of globalization on the international level for the countries’ benefits (Croteau, Hoynes, 2003).

Successful Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Successful Business - Assignment Example Up gradation of systems and software is always an issue and to keep up with the fast pace of the IT industry, upgrading regularly is essential to keep abreast with competition Training Continuous training for the managers is a must to provide motivation, leadership skills and 'on job' skills b) Factors critical for successful business / organizations - These factors can be grouped under five main critical factors Employee management Training of staff regularly so that they may update their skills based on the latest technologies available Hiring the right people for the right job profile. This is essential because at times the qualified people have skills to achieve a job but may not have the right attitude and the mindset. Also transferable skills and number skills are extremely pertinent for managers There needs to be clarity in the chain of command and issues between management and staff need to be sorted out as amicably as possible. Infrastructure and investments Having the latest technology and the systems is extremely critical in the age of today. Efficiency of the workers is dependent upon the efficacy of the tools that they have been provided and better efficacy at work leads to loyal customers and therefore, profits Re investments of profits is required to keep up with the changing times and to be able to react quickly to the market changes and trends. Leadership A visionary leader which has foresight and can aid his managers in forward thinking is a must for a business which has a desire to grow rapidly Regular training for the managers is essential for them to learn and imbibe skills like leadership Marketing of services It is important to market the services to the customer not only through the right medium but also with the right...Their use of '=' for continuation of speech and the timing was mentioned in brackets. The transcription also used all the specific protocols to be followed like ':' for elongated pronunciation of words etc. Hiring the right people for the right job profile. This is essential because at times the qualified people have skills to achieve a job but may not have the right attitude and the mindset. Also transferable skills and number skills are extremely pertinent for managers Having the latest technology and the systems is extremely critical in the age of today. Efficiency of the workers is dependent upon the efficacy of the tools that they have been provided and better efficacy at work leads to loyal customers and therefore, profits Some companies rely on loyalty for customer retention while the new entrants need to build that confidence before they can gain loyal customers. For this one needs to deliver service within budget and time constraints. Lastly, it is essential to understand that it is not enough to provide the best cost to the customer. The need of the hour is to provide the customer with a 'balanced value' - the best service at the best price. d) Certain guidelines to reduce staff turnover - high staff turnover can at times become an issue and may become an obstacle for an organizatio

The Social Determinants Of Childhood Obesity Health Essay

The Social Determinants Of Childhood Obesity Health Essay Childhood obesity is an international problem in the 21st century. In Hong Kong, it is easy for us to find the increasing trend of child obesity rate from the media. Why does the problem happen in Hong Kong? Are there any solutions to reduce the childhood obesity? In this paper, I will firstly to talk about the seriousness of childhood obesity in Hong Kong. Then, I will explore the childhood obesity from the social determinants. Then, I will talk about the solutions of this health problem by using health promotion strategies. The current situation of childhood obesity in Hong Kong Childhood obesity as an international health problem Childhood obesity is now becoming a worldwide problem nowadays. Obesity means a people who accumulates too much body fat and he or she will face on health problems in the future (Haslam James, 2005). According to World Health Organization (2012a), obesity is one of the serious health problems in the 21st century and now there are 170 million overweight children who are under 18 years old. Also, more than 40 million children in the world under the age of five were overweight in 2010 (World Health Organization, 2012b).In every year, there are at least 2.6 million people die because of overweight or obese (World health organization, 2012c). The negative effects from childhood obesity Childhood obesity causes different problems in childrens development and health. LeBow (1986) had come out three potential dangers of not treating the fat child, including persistent obesity, barriers in the life and potential health threats. He thinks that obese children are stigmatized from peers, parents and society in the childrens development. This will leads them to enter into vicious circle that they have low self-esteem and become fatter and fatter. Many obese children think that they will still obese and it continues after they grow (Peckham et al., 1985; Stunkard Burt, 1967). Yung (2009) has illustrated what diseases may lead by childhood obesity (See Figure 1). He also mentioned that if government fails to curb childhood obesity, there will be a lot of youngsters suffering from the diseases in the future. Figure 1: Classification of medical and psychosocial consequences of childhood obesity (Yung, 2009). The numbers and phenomenon of childhood obesity in Hong Kong In Hong Kong, there is an increasing trend on the overall childhood obesity rate. Appendix 1 shows the latest data on childhood obesity in Hong Kong. According to the [emailprotected] Campaign (2012a), the overall obesity rate increases from 16.4% to 20.9% in the past 15 years. The numbers also show out that boys are easily to become obese than girls with around 5-10% of disparity on the obesity in different gender. Besides the data from the government, more information reflects that the potential crisis on suffering from other diseases related to childhood obesity. A cross-sectional study from CUHK shows out that about 13% of boys and 11% of girls were obese in examining around 2 600 children aged 6-13 (Sung, 2007). It also mentioned that about 10% and 3% of the children were detected on having three or more and four or more of the six cardiovascular risk factors respectively, including high systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure, high blood triglyceride, low blood high-density lipoprotein, high blood low-density lipoprotein, high blood glucose and high blood insulin (Sung, 2007). Also, patients are getting younger and younger to suffer from diabetes or cardiovascular diseases because of childhood obesity (Wan jiu xue tong, 2007). Therefore, childhood obesity has become a major health care issue in Hong Kong from the facts in both statistics and news reports. In the next part, I will talk about the social determinants of childhood obesity. The social determinants of the childhood obesity The framework of social determinants in analyzing the childhood obesity According to World Health Organization (2012d), social determinants of health include life, development and health system afforded by the distribution of power and resource. It also shows out the phenomenon as health inequity which affects peoples health status. World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia (2008) had set up some index to evaluate the public health in Asia Pacific. In this time, I will borrow the framework to analysis childhood obesity in Hong Kong with adjusting the index and adding related factors (See Figure 2). The reason of adopting this framework is to show out how our social settings make childhood obesity instead of attributing to self-responsibility from individual. I also add the item main stakeholders because they are the main media to lead the things happening in society. Factors Main stakeholders Original meanings Adjusted meanings Income and poverty Family Overall economic situation Overall economic situation Economic status of the grassroots Lifestyle Family Eating habits Physical activities Eating habits Physical activities Personal growth Education School Literacy rate School setting Culture and knowledge Society Not including Traditions, views and knowledge of food Figure 2: The framework to analysis the childhood obesity in Hong Kong Family Family is one important sector in enforcing the childhood obesity because they have the most responsibility to take care their children. From our born to independence, it is not only fulfill childrens basic life but also learning the foundation of knowledge and skills. Therefore, they have an important responsibility in forming the childhood obesity. Income and poverty Economic status affects peoples health in their life. World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia (2008) mentioned that poor people are hard to maintain their health because they lack of resource to access health service and take actions to prevent diseases. It also mentioned that Hong Kong is regarded as a high-income country from the World Bank in 2008. It also has a better medical system comparing to other developed countries. At the same time, there is a big disparity between the rich and the poor with high gini index around 53.3% (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). So, the overall economic situation and economic status of the grassroots should be attended on analyzing the health problem in different class. Meals with more meat and less vegetables are common after the improvement of economy. Every Hong Kong people consume 150KG meats in 2011 which is more than the US (Gang ren shi rou, 2012). Many parents regard children should eat more meat in their meals because of their physical development. Some parents even do not limit the amount of meat to their children because they think they should provide the best to their children if they can. In hence, children may bring up an unbalance diet. Parents will become more difficult to improve children into correct diet. When the children eat too much meat unconsciously, it will cause child obesity if the children lacks of enough exercise at the same time. To the grassroots, fast-food is easily to lead childhood obesity. It is because poor children in Hong Kong usually follow their mothers, who are usually the new immigrants, to the fast food shops. According to Chan, Deave and Greenhalgh (2010), fast-food shops are good places for them to meet other parents and friends. They also think it is a more safety places than playgrounds. Additionally, Hong Kong style fast food is unhealthy. For example, 2 pieces of Western Toast (à ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ «) have 356 kcal, 19g fat, 116mg cholesterol, 513mg sodium and 8g saturated fat (Xiao xue sheng san, 2004). It is easy for children to overtake nutrition and harmful substances as Trans fats. Except the grassroots, having too much fast food is also common for normal families. According to Chan, Deave and Greenhalgh (2010), long-hours culture is always happened on adults. To save time, some parents may buy fast-food or pre-prepared food as dinner to their children. Some children may provide holding meal in the evening and it always leads them not to eat dinner very late at night. Children eat too much fast food chronically and it will easily to become child obesity. Lifestyle Lifestyle is the way a person lives. From the World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia (2008), diet and physical activity are the ways to promote and maintain good health in a country. Obesity means the unbalance state in high diet and low physical activities. Family should make sure their children to have enough nutrition but not overdose. Unhealthy meals are one of the main factors to cause childhood obesity. Except having fast food or meals with more meat and less vegetables, another source of unhealthy meal is from bad cooking habits both from Chinese and Western. One of the examples is that Chinese prefer to use more oil and animal fat to cook the meal so the children have higher Cholesterol levels than foreign children (Fu mu tai qian, 1999). Another example is that Western meals may have high calories but low fiber as Baked Pork Chop with Rice containing over 1,200 calories (Yuan li zhu pai fan, 2003). If parents do not count nutrition intake, children will eat too much and it will become obese very easily. Another factor for childhood obesity is lacking exercise. Doing exercise is a way to consume extra nutrition and maintain personal health. According to the Community Sports Committee of the Sports Commission (2012), about 80% tested children thinks that they have enough exercise but only 9% fulfill the US standard of physical fitness. Lacking exercise of Hong Kong children has lasted over 10 years. There are few reasons to explain the phenomenon. The first reason is the school setting and I will explain later. The two one is the sense from parents. If parents are active in doing exercise, their children will also have more sense to do the exercise. Unfortunately, there are around 35% of parents with no participation in sports and more than 60% of families cannot arrange family sports time during each weekend (Community Sports Committee of the Sports Commission, 2012). The third one is the children spend too much time on different electronic screen. According to the Community Sports Committee of the Sports Commission (2012), about 40% of Hong Kong children aged 7-12 spend more than 5 hours on sedentary activities like studying and recreation. If children spend more time on the screen, they will have less time to do the exercise. School Schools are another important stakeholder in solving the childhood obesity. It is because children spend 1/3 of the whole day in schools for learning. If a school can convey enough health information through lessons and activities to the students, they can sustain their health on their lifetime and produce less health problems when they grow up. Education Public concerns on education are largely on formal education issues in a school setting. World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia. (2008) evaluates the public health in different countries by assessing the literacy rate and enrollment rate. In Hong Kong, compulsory education is provided to the children for leading high literacy rate and enrollment rate, which are 94% and 74% respectively (World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia, 2008). So, it seems the childhood obesity may not relate to insufficient knowledge. According to the Community Sports Committee of the Sports Commission (2012), the tested children reflect that too much school work is the barriers for doing exercise. Therefore, school setting may be a good way to observe childhood obesity. Unhealthy food provided by the tuck shops and lunch supplies lead childhood obesity. Although Education Bureau and Department of Health create different guidelines to encourage schools for providing healthy food, there are still a lot of schools providing unhealthy food through tuck shops and meals. According to Chen (2008), 90% of primary schools still sell unhealthy snacks in their tuck shops. Maintaining revenue and student tastes are the reasons for the tuck shops continuing to provide unhealthy food. Also, guidelines cannot limit the schools to provide unhealthy food. Over 40% of primary schools still provide unqualified meals without enough vegetables and fruits (Si cheng xiao xue, 2009). 80% of kindergartens provide unqualified meals with over intake of fat, salt and health food products (Du Cai, 2011). If children eat too much unhealthy food without enough exercise, it is not difficult for them to become obese. Indifference on Physical Education and play areas is another reason to lead childhood obesity. Normally, students in primary schools have 2-3 Physical Education lessons with 35 minutes per lesson in each week. Only 22 minutes are doing exercise and even 4 minutes for moderate to vigorous exercise can be done in each Physical Education lesson (Chen, 2006). For kindergarten students, there are only 20 minutes for physical activities (Chan, Deave and Greenhalgh, 2010). Many schools also do not allow students to run during the recess because of not enough space and safety to everyone. It is a backward concept criticized by Dr. Patrick Lau who is a professor of the Department of Physical Education at Hong Kong Baptist University (Jia Xiao jin pao, 2005). Students can only conduct static activities which leads them have no chances to do the exercises. This will let students cannot release the extra nutrition which will cause obesity. Over-emphasizing on academic subjects is also the problem for childhood obesity. Starting from Primary 4, students are forced to put more efforts on academic subjects because of a good path for a better secondary school and university. Sometimes, Physical Education lessons are sacrificed for academic subject lessons or classroom guidance. Also, tutorial classes after school is very common in Hong Kong.. Whether primary school or secondary school students, they will always spend some time after school to attend those lessons. This will reduce the students chance to do enough exercise to prevent child obesity in their leisure time. Society Society is the third stakeholder in solving the childhood obesity. It is because society has a force to integrate and coordinate different people and organizations for solving the problem. Also, it has the most influence on promoting healthy lifestyle. Culture and knowledge Culture is the values, beliefs, behavior and material objects that together form a peoples way of life (Macionis, 2006). Knowledge is someone who familiarizes somebody or something on facts, information, descriptions, or skills from experience or education. Culture and knowledge are directly affecting peoples mind and behavior. Some Chinese tradition proverbs do not encourage children to do the exercise in their daily life. One is called Fat equals to blessing (à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ £). It means if a person is fatter, it also equals to a stable life. This is more popular to old generation because they have lower education level comparing to the young couples. Another one is called diligent makes contribution and games are no use (à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ…  ). These concepts are widely in our society so that exercise is not preferred. For example, some grandparents may think that English is important than games because of low walkability and limited opportunities (Chan, Deave and Greenhalgh, 2010). Fast food culture is also common in Hong Kong. It is not difficult for us to find a fast food shop in urban areas. They always promote their food or promotion on different media as TV or websites. The culture is very fit in Hong Kong because fast food strengths on efficiency which matches long working hours. On the other side, children loves to eat fast food too because it fits their taste. The information of nutrition is not very clear to Hong Kong people. Although Hong Kong has nutrition labels since 2010, there are still around 40% people not or seldom attending the labels (Janice, Mingo Sharon, 2011). Public are always late to know some of the products which is not as health as they imagine. According to Huang and Xin (2006), the content of sugar, salt and fat are over the normal standard in many corn chips. Because of the social determinants in childhood obesity, the obesity rate for overall primary school students raises from around 16 % to around 21% in the past 10 decade. In the next part, I will introduce the health promotion strategies to reduce the problems of child obesity. The health promotion strategies to tackle the childhood obesity Health promotion means a process to lead people for improving their health with increasing the sense and applying the behavior. The responsibility of health promotion is not only at the health sector, but also to reach healthy lifestyles (World Health Organization, 1986). To solve the childhood obesity, I regard five approaches to health promotion by Naidoo and Wills (2000) and social marketing should be used to solve childhood obesity in Hong Kong. It is because it can easily to assess what strategies Hong Kong has done and anything should be improved during the promotion. In the next part, I will talk about what stakeholders would be needed to conduct the health promotion. Then I will focus on the five approaches with related measures to solve the problem, introducing current measures and new measures. Stakeholders for health promotion In the social promotion, there will be two stakeholders to conduct the health promotion. One is the government and another one is the Non-Government Organizations. Government Government is very important in the health promotion. It will have different cooperation between hospitals, clinics, District Council, sport facilities, schools and families. Non-Government Organizations. Non-Government Organizations are always the forerunner to sense the problems in society. They are also strength on the flexibility when they promote in small organizations. It is because there are so many plans conducting to reduce childhood obesity, I can only use some famous examples to talk about how the strategies apply in our daily life. First, figure 3 shows the effects of the six approaches to health promotion in child obese. The medical approach Prevention and treatment Behavior change Encouraging somebody to adopt health behaviors The educational approach Providing knowledge and skills for personal choice in applying health behavior Empowerment Powering up somebody to concern and help in the issue Social change Creating choices with suitable cost, availability or accessibility Social marketing and media Increasing public awareness on particular concepts or behavior and stimulate publics mind for the response Figure 3: The effects of the six approaches to health promotion in child obese Source: Naidoo and Wills (2000) Promotions from government Medical system in stopping childhood obesity This system will focus on the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity in the media way. This is using the medical approach because of prevention and treatment in childhood obesity. Nowadays, Hong Kong had created the family health service and student health service for the children to check their health status from their born to 18 years old. It also connects with Specialist for the referral to treat the obese children. Maternal and Child Health Centres and Student Health Service Centre are distributed in different areas for children to do body check. Different Student Health Service Centre has the connection with hospitals in the same network. For example, the centre in South Kwai Chung can refer the children to Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine at Princess Margaret Hospital. The government can use the centres for scanning out the obese children from the checking on BMI, blood pressure and urine. Overweight or obese children will refer to assessment centres or Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine in hospitals. They will do more body checking as exsanguinate to confirm their body status and give suitable treatment to them as Nutritionist for health meal suggestions. This approach is to find out the obese children and reduce the deterioration of them. Social marketing Social marketing and media is common used by local government. The promotion is using a simple and clear way to focus on single concept or behavior, The usage is to raise public awareness on particular concepts or behavior and stimulate publics mind for the response. For example, the government had promoted the concept of Two Plus three Every Day through the TV advertisements. The aim of this advertisement is to explain the importance of enough amounts of vegetables and fruits in daily life. It also presents the examples on how do we count on eating enough vegetables and fruits. Campaign cooperating with schools [emailprotected] is one of the campaigns to promote healthy lifestyle in eating. It uses educational approaches to do the promotion because the plan provides teaching materials for school to spread the knowledge to parents and students for choosing health meals in daily life. Except teaching, the scheme wants schools to provide more healthy food to the students by giving them some guidelines. For example, there are over 20 documents to help schools for choosing suitable food supplies for tuck shop and lunch ([emailprotected] Campaign, 2012b). Through this approach, government prefers schools and students can choose the more healthy meals by themselves. Promotions from Non-government Organizations Smart Kids Fitness project This project was created by Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion from the Chinese University of Hong Kong. There is cooperation between the professionals, schools and parents. This plan includes teacher training and support, needs assessment and progress monitoring, parent training and supports, tailor-made weight-management plan for individual students, 12-week weight management intervention programme and school-based health promotion programme (Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, 2008). Figure 4 shows the concepts of the project. Figure 4: A Health Promoting Schools Approach in Addressing the Problem of Childhood Obesity (Source: Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, 2008) It contains different approaches for its promotion. Firstly, Education approach is used to teachers, parents and students with related knowledge. The project strengths at using behavioral approach and empowerment approach. Through the tailor-made weight-management plan and 12-week weight management intervention programme, students had created the sense to supervise their own health and try to improve their health with changing their habits with their parents. This can also power up their confidence to manage their health. Last but not least, the organization thinks that it is success because they can create sustainability on the participators (Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, 2008). Recommendations for reducing childhood obesity To me, different strategies applied by the government and non-government organizations are needed in reducing childhood obesity. From my observation, I regard many strategies focus on creating health lifestyle but little on food choices and easy exercise which can do it everything. So I will suggest two directions for increasing the approach of behavior change and social change. Firstly, the government can cooperate to Green Monday, which is a non-government organization for promoting vegetarian food on each Monday for health and environment. For example, Cafe De Coral is one of the restaurants to join Green Monday. It will provide 2 dishes of vegetarian food on the Green Monday. The government can encourage food suppliers to join by adding the conditions in the tenders of tuck shop and lunch suppliers. Specific details need to be discussed but I may suggest some conditions to explain the idea. For example, tuck shops and lunch suppliers need to provide at least 50% of healthy food and drinks on Green Monday. If the bidders can meet the conditions, he or she will have the advantages in bidding the contracts or having subsides in operating the business. The reasons of promoting the day are to respond some of the tuck shops or lunch suppliers still providing too much unhealthy food to the students for many years and create a sense to students that they can cho ose for eating healthier meals. Secondly, the government can promote easy exercises for urban people. One of the social determinants is parents and children have no sense to do the exercise. Climbing stairs activities and fitness walking are two examples for the promotion. Both exercise are easy to learn and do it in the surrounding areas as park or blocks. They are also suitable to whole family members. These exercises may increase the incentives to people for doing exercise. Conclusion To conclude, Hong Kong is an international city who also has childhood obesity as other countries in the 21st century. Everyone knows that obesity is harmful to adults and child but it is different to change personal lifestyle because society contains different elements which are not benefit to our health. Although our government and non-government organizations try their best to change the situation, there are still a lot of children who are living in unhealthy life. But I think we should have confidence to face on the childhood obesity because social atmosphere of healthy lifestyle will be informed gradually if we insist for healthy lifestyle.

Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Biography Essays -- Biography Biographies

Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Biography Throughout the course of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s life, poetry played the hand of fate. All of the major events that took place in her life seem to coincide with her poetry. Poetry made her famous. It gave her solace, and comfort, somewhere to drown her sorrow. It introduced her to her husband, and (indirectly) divorced her from her father. Poetry was not only a part of her life, but an integral part of her soul. Creative Beginnings It all began in Gosforth Church, with the marriage of Mary Graham Clarke, and Robert Moulton. Soon after their marriage, Edward Moulton inherited his family’s sugar plantations in Jamaica, and took on the name Barrett. Their first daughter was born on March 6, 1806 in Coxhoe Hall, located in Durham, England. She was christened Elizabeth Barrett. She was to be the first of twelve siblings: Edward, Henrietta, Arabella, Samuel, Charles, George, Henry, Alfred, Septimus, Octavius, and Mary. (Mary died at the age of three.) Out of the twelve, Elizabeth Barrett was closest to her younger brother Edward, affectionately dubbing him â€Å"bro.† He in turn, responded by calling her â€Å"ba.† They all resided happily at â€Å"Hope End near Ledbury in Herefordshire, where Edward Barrett had built himself a country house with Moorish windows and turrets† (World Authors 77). Elizabeth Barrett’s education began at the age of eight when she first started receiving lessons from her tutor. It soon became obvious that Barrett was a proficient learner. She could read Homer in the original before she turned nine years old, and when she no longer had a tutor, she taught herself by studying Edward’s lessons, and by reading incessantly. But, more importantly, she developed a passion ... ...e Barretts of Wimpole Street. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1930. â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†. The Bloomsbury Guide to Women’s Literature. 1992. Bolton, Sarah K. Lives of Girls who Become Famous. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell company publishers, 1886 â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†. Cyclopedia of World Authors. 3rd ed. 1997. â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning.† The Dictionary of National Biography. 1968 Markus, Julia. Dared and Done: The Marriage of Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995. Moore, Virginia. Distinguished Women Writers. New York: EP Dulton & CO., Inc. Publishers, 1934. Pickering, George. Creative Malady. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974. Radley, Virginia L. Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1972. Roberts, Adam. Robert Browning Revisited. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996.

Purpose of theory Essay

A theory can be explained as a given set of principles or statements used to give an explanation to an occurring phenomenon. Theories explain existing situations and can be used to develop solutions to identified problems within an organization especially when it has been tested for a number of times hence acceptable or producing evidence based results. A theory differs from a model in such a way that a model act as a representation of a given phenomena or the actual concept. A model can in this case be used to explain a given theory. Like a theory a model can be used to make predictions and to control a given situation. Scientific inquiry involves the use of systematic methods of collecting, analyzing and concluding data and in turn developing new inventions using scientifically gathered information or facts. The process involves the formulation of theories or hypothesis and effective experiments to test the formulated hypothesis. Naive inquiry on the other hand involves an informal collection, analysis and interpretation of data and does not necessarily include the application of critically thought ideas and skills. In this case a theory is explained using natural language. Scientific inquiry is likely to produce reliable and results or findings that can be used to find evidence based solutions to an existing problem. It makes use of collected evidence to test given ideas. Evidence based management requires the application of scientific inquiry as it involves the use of meta skills and critically thought approaches in the development of workable solutions (Judd, Kidder& Smith, 1991). Tested theories act as evidence and produce explanations for existing phenomena that can be used to develop new inventions which may act as control measures or solutions Reference Judd, C. , Smith, E. , Kidder, L. (1991). Research Methods in Social Relations, 6th ed. , New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. .

Adhesion molecules in T-cell receptor

Adhesion molecules or receptor play key role in many processes involving cellular immunity that included haematopoiesis, migration, activation and finally apoptosis. They are mainly surface glycoproteins and variation among them is mainly due to different pattern of glycosylation. Adhesion molecules play a central role in T cell activation by providing initial temporary attachment of TCR and Antigen bearing MHC on APC. It was clearly demonstrated by various studies where complete inhibition of cellular immunity was observed in response to Monoclonal antibody against many of these adhesion molecules.Cytotoxic CD8 T cells mediated immunity play a key role in viral infection control. It exerts it effect by close cellular interaction with viral infected target cells. Adhesion molecules play a crucial role in driving the effector T cell towards viral infected target cell as well as to establish interaction between TCR and APC. This article briefs the function and properties of some vital adhesion molecules such as LFA-1, ICAM and VLA-4. Further, research carried out to assess the role of adhesion molecules in T-cell receptor is also summarized.Thymus derived (T) lymphocytes are important regulatory and effectors cells in immune responses. The specificity of cellular immunity is mediated by T cell receptor-CD3 complex interacting with foreign antigen represented by MHC molecule (BARBARA E. , 1988). Activation of T cells leads to functioning of T Cells where it produces various cytokines and cell lyses. In general, CD4+ T cells act as helper cells by producing different effectors molecules after interacting with antigen bearing APC cells, whereas CD8+ cell directly exert it’s effect by killing the antigen bearing APC cells.Activation and generation of effectors T cells are mediated by TcR-CD3 complex but there are several other surface molecules that play a significant role in immune response and T cell adhesion to APC. Similarly, they have significant role in cell migration, homing and recirculation. Some recent reports indicate the role of these molecules in T cell activation and differentiation. Among many are LFA-1, CD2, CD4, and CD8. Each of these molecules interact with it ligands for example LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 while LFA-3 bind to CD2 etc. (BARBARA E. , 1988) LFA-1:The LFA-1 molecule is member of a family of three related proteins found on lymphoid and myeloid cells having common Beta subunits of MW 95000. They are non covalently associated with a unique alpha subunit. Two other members of LFA-1 families are CR3 and p150. LFA-1 molecules are widely distributed on all thymocytes, T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Identification of LFA-1 was done when monoclonal antibodies against it was used to inhibit cytotoxic T cell mediated killing and later on it was found to be key molecules which helps in TCR-APC interaction as adhesion molecules.Similar observation are made where anti LFA- 1 monoclonal antibody inhibits spontaneo us aggregation or homotypic adhesions between EB virus mediated activated T cells. This clearly indicates the role of LFA-1 in strengthening the intersection. Any abnormality in expression of these groups of adhesion molecules leads to recurrent bacterial and viral infection and abolished Cytotoxic T cell mediated immunity. (BARBARA E. , 1988) ICAM (Intra cellular Adhesion Molecules): Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) is a transmembrane glycoprotein molecule of the immunoglobulin super family.Each of the molecules is made up of 5 distinct domains and coded by gene present on chromosome 19. It is 80-114 KDa protein having 505 amino acid residues. ICAM associated with receptor of integrin family and having key role in cell signaling and adhesion. A CD8 T cell utilizes temporary interaction between ICAM-1 and LFA-1 to initiate binding of TcR and antigen MHC. This temporary interaction or binding provides sufficient time to T cell to recognize Antigen and respond against it by activation. (BARBARA E. , 1988)The T-cell lymphocyte migration is influenced by the interactions via the adhesion molecules, the T cell receptor and cytokines. (Hauzenberger D, 1995). The motility of the T cell lymphocytes is very much and critically dependent upon the avidity of the adhesive lymphocyte receptors for endothelial cells ligand and extracellular matrix componenets and the capability of the lymohocytes to undergo a motile response. Hauzenberger D et al. , 1995 discussed that the lymphocytes are rendered motile by adhesion to endothelial cells and ECM components.This migration, which is considered directed is mediated by beta-1-integrins and special T-cell lymphocytes that possess functional specialization using either alpha 4 beta 1 or alpha 5 beta 1 during chemotaxis and hapotaxis to ECM components. It is also reported that the T cell antigen receptor cannot itself trigger T lymphocyte migration to fibronectin, laminin or collagen type IV but works in hand with s ignals via alpha 4 beta 1. (Hauzenberger D, 1995) Adhesion molecules and Systemic viral Infection: Research Studies Virus induced changes in the adhesion molecules expression on T-cells were studied by Andersson et al., 1997. They studied how the antiviral effector cells migrate into the infectious foci. It was revealed by the FACS (Fluorescent associated Cell sorting) that when systemic lymphocytic choriomeningitis viral infection occurs in cells, various cell adhesion molecules including VLA-4, LFA-1, and ICAM-1 are up regulated on CD8+ cells. The lymph node homing receptor MEL-4 was down regulated during infection, but they observed only marginal changes in CD4+ cells. Further analyses showed that T cells with a changed adhesion molecule profile presented many other cell surface markers, thus indicating a state of cellular activation.The activation was of IL-2R, and included all virus-specific CTL effectors. The researchers concluded that the hypothesis that indicates that the up regulation of VLA-4 is important for effectors T cell homing to sites of inflammation. (Andersson EC, 1994). In Concanavalin induced Hepatitis, the TNF-? induced expression if Adhesion molecules are under the control of TNFR1. This study was performed by Worl et al. , in 2001. Hepatocellular death by activation of TNFR1 is mediated, apart from this TNF also in responsible for activation of cytokines and adhesion molecules.Also leads to massive induction of adhesion molecules, like ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selecting in the liver. The study also revealed, that the absence of any of the TNFrs did not change the adhesion molecules expression in the livers of ConA treated mice which leads to the conclusion that the other endothelial cell-activating cytokines up-regulated adhesion molecules expression. This study discusses the critical role of adhesion molecules, such that the upregulaton of adhesion molecules during hepatitis not only contributes to organ injury but also represent defense m echanism. (Dominik Wolf, 2001) Rhinoviruses cause common colds.This form of common cold has over 100 serotypes, the major group share a single receptor. Lymphocyte function associated molecule 1 (LFA-1) mediates leukocyte adhesion to a wide variety of cell types by binding to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Donald E. Staunton et al. , 1989 demonstrated identity between the receptor for the major group of rhinoviruses and ICAM-1. The studies revealed that a major group rhinovirus binds specifically to purified ICAM-1 and to ICAM-1 expressed on transfected COS cells and binding is blocked by three ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) that block ICAM-1-LFA-1 interaction.These studies also suggested that the ICAM-1 contact site(s) for LFA-1 and rhinoviruses is identical. Moreover, ICAM-1 MAb block the cytopathic effect in HeLa cells mediated by representative major but not minor group rhinoviruses. The researcher’s concluded that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 is ind uced by soluble mediators of inflammation, suggesting that the host immune response to rhinovirus may facilitate spread to uninfected cells. (Donald E. Stauntonb, p. 1989) Apart from ICAM1 and LFA-1, other categories of adhesion molecules functioning in T cell receptors include E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.These adhesion molecules mediate adult T-cell leukemia cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Ishakawa et al. , 1980 studies the adhesion properties of peripheral bold leukemic cells form 10 patients with adult T-cell leukemia to endothelial cells to derive the mechanism of leukemic cell infiltration. ATL cells did express LFA-1 but the expression of VLA-4 was variable. These results, together with the detection of E-selectin expression on the endothelium at ATL skin lesions, indicated that the E-selectin-mediated adhesion is the major pathway for the adherence of ATL cells to endothelial cells.Moreover, the ligand for E-selectin on ATL cells appears to differ fro m that on neutrophils. (T Ishikawa, 1993) Bibliography Andersson EC, C. J. (1994). Changes in cell adhesion molecule expression on T cells associated with systemic virus infection. Journal of Immunology , 1237-45. BARBARA E. , B. I. (1988). T cell adhesion molecules. FASEB , 2584-2590. Dominik Wolf, R. H. (2001). TNF–Induced Expression of Adhesion Molecules in the Liver Is Under the Control of TNFR1 Relevance for Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis.The Journal of Immunology , 1300-1307. Donald E. Stauntonb, a. V. (198). A cell adhesion molecule, ICAM-1, is the major surface receptor for rhinoviruses. Cell , 849-853. Hauzenberger D, K. J. (1995). T lymphocyte migration: the influence of interactions via adhesion molecules, the T cell receptor, and cytokines. Crit Rev Immunol. , 285-316. T Ishikawa, A. I. (1993). E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mediate adult T-cell leukemia cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Blood , 1590-1598.

Socail Responsibility essays

Socail Responsibility essays It is often said that a business should exist to better its community. I disagree; in this essay I will show that a businesses main concern does not have to be social responsibility. It is a difficult task to be socially responsible to society while continuing to serve the interests of your employer. A business isnt human it does not make decisions. Business and life are two very different worlds, what is appropriate for the one world may not be the same for the other. Being socially favourable can lead to many consequences including decrease in profitability or even bankruptcy. In an essay by Thomas Mulligan, Milton Friedman suggests the implementation of social responsibility by a corporate executive is unfair, because it constitutes taxation without representation, and a violation of trust, because the executive is employed by the owners, as an agent serving the interests of his principal (Poff, Waluchow, 48) This quote amplifies that social responsibility actually takes money out of the companys stockholders, employees and customers pocket without their consent. You end up being socially irresponsible to your organization by violating their trust and stealing from the company. Through a businesses main activities, a business presents a framework for life and human development for its staff, provides society with products and services and adds to the community by paying taxes. In Adam Smiths argument if each person would pursue his or her own interests in a fairly enlightened way, then in the long run social well-being or welfare would be maximized (Poff, Waluchow 57) The social responsible business actually bankrupts and defeats itself and whatever indirect benefits it was providing to society become no longer available. Discussed earlier was the idea that a corporations main goal should be to make money, and to do everything in its power to enable itself to make that m...

Foundations Of Alternative Media Development Case Study

Foundations Of Alternative Media Development - Case Study Example Alternative media can take one of many forms – radical media, ethnic or racial media, student media, subcultural media, and indigenous media among other forms. Viewed from either perspective, the underpinnings of alternative media are significantly influenced by the Frankfurt School’s critical social theory. In terms of organization of the paper, the author first provides background information on the Frankfurt School and their critical social theory. In the second section, alternative media as a form of anti-capitalism is discussed. Next is an examination of alternative media as a representation of subcultures. Finally, the author concludes the paper by recapitulating the main ideas in the paper. â€Å"The Frankfurt School† of Critical Social Theory started out in Germany at the Frankfurt Institute of Social Research in 1923. The Institute was founded and initially funded by Felix Weil, a young wealthy Marxist thinker. The goal of the Institute was to consolidate different orientations of Marxist thinking into one research center. The Institute's philosophy was guided by three major historical events: (1) the failed take off of a revolution by Europes working class as predicted by Marx, (2) the emergence and rise of Nazism and (3) the emergence of mass production and consumption, often referred to as "Fordism", after Henry Ford’s mass production of automobiles at his factory(Geuss, 1981). Marx had not anticipated these or similar events. Thus, Frankfurt School thinkers found it necessary to redevelop Marxist thinking in a bid to make sense of the new social conditions. Max Horkheimer first outlined the critical social theory, or simply the critical theory, in his 1937 book Traditional and Critical Theory.

A proposal to review the effect of progressive muscle relaxation Essay

A proposal to review the effect of progressive muscle relaxation techniques on chronic pain in cancer patients - Essay Example A randomised controlled trial 17 3. Chapter Three: Preliminary Literature Review 19 3.1 Progressive Muscle Relaxation 19 3.1.1Complete sequences of progressive muscle relaxation 20 3.2 Synthesis 23 Bibliography 26 Appendixes 29 Appendix 1 Time Table 29 Appendix 2 30 Abstract The proposed research for this study will discuss the progressive muscle relaxation and its techniques along with the effect that it has on chronic pain in patients with cancer. The techniques discussed can have a significant impact on reducing and relaxing chronic pain in patients with cancer. The research for this study will be conducted through an examination of secondary research as relevant literature provides valuable information and knowledge about PMR and its impact on chronic pain. Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction Pain is the eternal companion of mankind, with medical practitioners spending a great deal of their time assessing and finding ways to alleviate pain. Chronic pain is extremely common i n patients with cancer, especially those who are found in stage IV of the disease. Pain can be divided into four types of intensity: weak, moderate, sever, and very severe. All analgesic therapy in cancer patients is based on the use of non-narcotic, narcotic, and support (adjuvant) drugs, the use of which forms the basis of a three-step approach to pain management which was developed and proposed by the world health organization. It is estimated that one third of all cancer patients suffer from moderate to severe pain related to their cancer and over 50% of patients diagnosed with cancer suffer from some form of pain. The most common types of pain related to cancer are due to the cancer tumor and the treatment. Unlike those who suffer from chronic pain that is unrelated to cancer, those with cancer experience pain in more than on area; the pain can be both acute and chronic and often varies in presentation. Pain is associated with the consequences of changes in psychosocial relatio nships, decreased quality of life, and increased rates of depression and anxiety (Melzack 2005, p. 971-979). Unfortunately, patients and providers often find that pharmacologic therapy does not completely control pain associated with cancer. Pharmacologic management of pain often comes with side effects such as nausea, constipation, drowsiness, pruritus, sedation, and delirium. Complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies, including mind-body techniques, are often sought out. Mind-body therapies are recommended in addition to pharmacological approaches for cancer patients experiencing pain. 1.2 Background/Justification Cancer pain is a complex phenomenon that often occurs due to tumor progression and related pathology, surgery or other invasive procedures. Toxicities of chemotherapy and radiation can significantly contribute to that pain as well as infection which all lead to a multidimensional model of cancer pain that can include the five components of: (1) physiologic (o rganize etiology of the pain); (2) sensory (intensity, location, quality); (3) affective (depression and anxiety); (4) cognitive (the meaning attached to the pain); and (5) behavioral (activity level, analgesic